All theories of consciousness, A–Z
457 theories from Robert Lawrence Kuhn's Landscape of Consciousness. Each links to its full entry; the family links open that part of the map.
A
- A. Harris’s Panpsychism as Fundamental Field ‘Consciousness as a Fundamental Intrinsic Field’ Panpsychism · Annaka Harris
- Abstract Realism (AR) ‘Consciousness as Complementarity of Perspectives’ Non-Reductive · John Sanfey
- Advaita Vedanta Idealism (Indian Cosmic Consciousness) Consciousness as Ultimate Nondual Reality Idealism · Swami Vivekananda, Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi, Sri Aurobindo
- Agüera y Arcas’s Computational Functionalism Consciousness as Predictive, Social Computation Materialism · Blaise Agüera y Arcas
- Akselrud's Explanatory Faculty: Consciousness as Internalized Explanation Consciousness as Internalized Explanation Challenge · Boris Akselrud
- Albahari's Perennial Idealism ‘Consciousness as Universal Unconditioned Ground’ Idealism · Miri Albahari
- Ambron’s local field potentials and electromagnetic waves Consciousness as Integrated Electromagnetic Waves Materialism · Richard Ambron
- Analytic Idealism Consciousness as Ultimate Reality and Sole Ontological Primitive Idealism · Bernardo Kastrup
- Andrews's Consciousness Without Complex Brains Consciousness realized via multiple simple systems Materialism · Kristin Andrews
- Aquinas’s Hylomorphism The Soul as the Form of the Living Body Dualism · Thomas Aquinas
- Arendsen’s Complex Idealism Consciousness as Unsplittable, Continuous Flow of Duration Idealism · Albert R.J. (Richard) Arendsen
- Aristotle’s Hylomorphism Consciousness as the Living Body’s Reflexive Perceiving Dualism · Aristotle
- Armstrong’s Causal-Role Central-State Materialism Mental States as Brain States Defined by Causal Role Materialism · David Malet Armstrong
- Armstrong’s Higher-Order Perception Theory Consciousness as the Mind Perceiving Itself Materialism · David Malet Armstrong, William Lycan
- Atmanspacher’s Dual-Aspect Monism Mind and Matter as Aspects of Neutral Reality Neutral Monism · Harald Atmanspacher, Wolfgang Pauli, Carl Jung
- Attention Schema Theory Consciousness as an Evolved Self-Caricature of Attention Materialism · Michael Graziano
- Avicenna’s Flying Man and Self-Present Soul Consciousness as the Soul’s Primitive Self-Presence Dualism · Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā)
- Awret’s Holographic Correspondence Theory of Consciousness Consciousness as the Holographic Dual of Entangled Neural States Materialism · Uziel Awret
- Azarian’s Self-Modeling Strange Loop Theory Consciousness as a World Model That Models Its Modeler Non-Reductive · Bobby Azarian
B
- Baars’s and Dehaene’s Global Workspace Theory Consciousness as Global Information Accessibility Materialism · Bernard Baars, Stanislas Dehaene
- Bach’s Cortical Conductor Theory Consciousness as Most Recent Memory Materialism · Joscha Bach
- Barušs’s Meaning Fields Consciousness and Meaning Fields Shaping Reality Anomalous · Imants Barušs
- Bayne’s Unified, Multidimensional Consciousness: Structure Before Mechanism Consciousness as One Unified, Multidimensional Field Materialism · Tim Bayne
- Beck-Eccles’s Quantum Processes in the Synapse Consciousness as Quantum Trigger in the Synapse Quantum & Dimensions · Sir John Eccles, Friedrich Beck
- Becker’s Analog Body Electric Consciousness Shaped by the Body’s Analog DC Field Materialism · Robert O. Becker
- Bentley Hart’s Monism: Consciousness, Being, God Consciousness as the Absolute Unity of Being and God Idealism · David Bentley Hart
- Bergson’s Multiplicity, Duration, Perception, Memory Consciousness as Filtered Memory and Pure Duration Dualism · Henri Bergson
- Berkeley’s Immaterialist Idealism To Be Is to Be Perceived or to Perceive Idealism · George Berkeley
- Bhartṛhari’s Linguistic Idealism Consciousness as the Living Word Idealism · Bhartṛhari, Rahul Kumar
- Bieberich's Recurrent Integration Fractal Theory Consciousness as Holographically Unfolded Fractal Membrane Patterns Materialism · Erhard Bieberich
- Birch’s Comparative Sentience: Consciousness Profiles Across Diverse Minds Sentience Mapped Across Species Under Uncertainty Materialism · Jonathan Birch
- Bitar’s Architectural Theory of Consciousness Consciousness as Serially Represented Information in the Mind’s Volitional Unit Materialism · Philip Bitar
- Bitbol's Radical Neurophenomenology Effective Primacy of Lived Experience Phenomenology · Michel Bitbol, Francisco Varela
- Bitbol's Radical Neurophenomenology Primacy of Lived Experience and Hard Problem Dissolution Anomalous · Michel Bitbol, Francisco Varela, Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Blackmore’s “It’s All Models” Consciousness Belongs to Models, Not to Beings Materialism · Susan Blackmore
- Block’s Biological Reductionism Phenomenal Consciousness as Neurobiological Electrochemical Activity Materialism · Ned Block
- Blums’ Conscious Turing Machine Consciousness as Broadcast and Inspection of World-Model Chunks Materialism · Lenore Blum, Manuel Blum, Avrim Blum
- Bohm’s Implicate-Explicate Order Consciousness as an Extension of the Implicate Order Quantum & Dimensions · David Bohm, Basil Hiley
- Bostrom’s Computational Functionalism Consciousness as Substrate-Independent Computation Materialism · Nick Bostrom
- Boyd’s Emergent Information Theory Consciousness as Emergent Non-Physical Information Information · Daniel Boyd
- Bradley’s Absolute Idealism Consciousness as Felt Unity Within the Absolute Idealism · Francis Herbert Bradley
- Brain Circuits and Cycles Theories Consciousness as Large-Scale Neural Structures and Oscillations Materialism · Field of Neuroscience/Neurobiology (General)
- Brand Deisler’s Linguistically Attributed Biographical Self and Conscious Action The Self as a Biography Built From Others’ Words Materialism · Guillermo Brand Deisler
- Brentano’s Intentionality and Self-Awareness Consciousness as Self-Aware Intentional Acts Phenomenology · Franz Brentano
- Broad’s Emergent Mind and Psychic/Psi Factors Consciousness as Strongly Emergent, Perhaps With a Psychic Factor Anomalous · C. D. Broad
- Brown’s “HOROR” Higher-Order Representationalism Consciousness as Representing One’s Own Representations Materialism · Richard Brown, Hakwan Lau
- Buddhism’s Empty, Illusory Phenomenal Consciousness ‘Phenomenal Consciousness as Cognitive Illusion and Emptiness’ Idealism · Nāgārjuna, Jay Garfield, Yifa
- Budson’s Consciousness as a Memory System Consciousness as the Episodic Memory System Materialism · Andrew E. Budson
- Builes’s Modal Idealism Necessary Idealism, Possible Worlds as Divine Thoughts Idealism · David Builes
- Bunge’s Emergent Materialism Mental States as Emergent CNS Functions Materialism · Mario Bunge
- Buzsáki’s Neural Syntax and Self-Caused Rhythms ‘Consciousness as Self-Caused Neural Rhythms Grounded in Action’ Materialism · György Buzsáki
C
- Cabral-Calderin, Hechavarria, and Melloni’s Neuroethological Approach Consciousness Studied Across Species and Lifespans Materialism · Yuranny Cabral-Calderin, Julio Hechavarria, Lucia Melloni
- Cai and Cai’s Canxian Consciousness as a Non-Local Web of Cognitive Units Non-Reductive · Hengjin Cai, Tianqi Cai
- Calvin’s Darwinian Mechanism in Neocortex Consciousness as the Winner of Cortical Darwinian Competition Materialism · William H. Calvin
- Campbell’s Theory of Everything (My Big TOE) Consciousness as Fundamental Virtual Reality Anomalous · Thomas Campbell
- Carr’s Quantum Theory, Psi, Mental Space ‘Consciousness as Fundamental Mental Space’ Quantum & Dimensions · Bernard Carr
- Carruthers’s First-Order Representationalism Consciousness as Globally Broadcast Perceptual Content Materialism · Peter Carruthers
- Cavelier's Entangled Spins at the NMDA Receptor Experience Registered in Entangled Receptor Spins Quantum & Dimensions · German Cavelier
- Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) Consciousness as Inherent Feature of Organic Form Materialism · Arthur Reber
- Chalmers and McQueen’s Quantum Collapse Consciousness as the Trigger of Quantum Collapse Quantum & Dimensions · David Chalmers, Kelvin McQueen
- Chalmers’s Double-Aspect Theory of Information Information With a Physical and a Phenomenal Face Information · David Chalmers
- Chalmers’s Naturalistic Dualism Consciousness as a Fundamental, Law-Governed Natural Property Dualism · David Chalmers
- Chalmers’s Panpsychism Consciousness as the Intrinsic Nature of Physics Panpsychism · David Chalmers
- Champagne’s Semiotic Account Qualia as Prescinded Tones in a Semiotic Framework Challenge · Marc Champagne, Charles Sanders Peirce
- Chomsky’s Language and Consciousness Consciousness is a Mystery of Expanded Physics Materialism · Noam Chomsky
- Chopra’s Only the Whole is Conscious Consciousness as the Ultimate, Unitary Reality Idealism · Deepak Chopra, Menas Kafatos
- Christian Soul Theory Consciousness as an Immaterial, Substantial Soul Dualism · J.P. Moreland, Richard Swinburne, Eleonore Stump
- Churchland’s Eliminative Materialism Folk Psychology as a False Theory Awaiting Replacement Materialism · Patricia Churchland, Paul Churchland
- Cleeremans and Tallon-Baudry’s Functional Value Consciousness as Functional Value and Mental Currency Materialism · Axel Cleeremans, Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Cleeremans’s Learned Consciousness via Radical Plasticity Consciousness as the Brain’s Learned Theory of Itself Materialism · Axel Cleeremans
- Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe (CTMU) Reality as Self-Configuring Self-Processing Language (SCSPL) Information · Christopher Langan
- Cohen’s Ultra-Fine-Tuned Personal Consciousness Your Consciousness as an Ultra-Fine-Tuned Improbability Challenge · Jundo Cohen, Carsten T. Beuckmann
- Coleman’s Panqualityism Consciousness as Awareness of Unexperienced Qualities Panpsychism · Sam Coleman
- Combs’s chaotic attractor and autopoietic systems Consciousness as a Chaotic Autopoietic Attractor Anomalous · Allan Combs
- Complex Adaptive Systems Models Theory Consciousness as the dynamic, emergent output of a CAS Materialism
- Composite Theory Consciousness as unified Soul/Body Composite Dualism
- Computational Theory Consciousness as Algorithm and Computation Materialism · Nick Bostrom, James Reggia
- Conway Morris's Convergent Sentience Beyond Materialism Brains Encounter a Mind Evolution Converges Upon Challenge · Simon Conway Morris
- Cooke’s Nondual Naturalism and Living Mirror Theory Consciousness as the Epistemic Dimension of Life Materialism · James Cooke
- Cosmopsychism Theory The Universe as Fundamental Conscious Subject Panpsychism · Philip Goff, Yujin Nagasawa, Swami Vivekananda
- Crick and Koch’s Neural Correlates of Consciousness (NCC) Consciousness as Minimum Brain Activity Materialism · Francis Crick, Christof Koch
- Critical Brain Hypothesis Consciousness as Optimal Neural Network Criticality Materialism · John Beggs, Per Bak
- Critiques Theory The Essential Skeptical Function Information · R.L. Kuhn, Critics of specific theories (e.g., Hakwan Lau, Scott Aaronson), Proponents of Challenge Theories (e.g., Thomas Nagel, Sam Harris)
- CROW’s Funhouse of Consciousness A Trickster Lost Among Theories of Consciousness Challenge · Tim Donahue
D
- D. Freeman's Primitive Felt Theory Consciousness as Combinations of Primitive Subcortical Feelings Materialism · Daniel K. Freeman
- D.W. Smith’s Three-Facet Ontological Phenomenology Consciousness as Form, Appearance, and Substrate Phenomenology · David Woodruff Smith, Ronald McIntyre
- Dalla Barba's Temporal Consciousness Consciousness as Personal Temporality Materialism · Gianfranco Dalla Barba, Marie-Françoise Boissé, Valentina La Corte
- Damasio’s Homeostatic Feelings and Emergence of Consciousness Consciousness as Homeostatic Feelings Materialism · Antonio Damasio, Hanna Damasio
- Dao Theory (Dao De Jing's constant dao) ‘Consciousness as the Constant/Eternal Dao’ Idealism · Laozi (Implied), Joseph Pratt
- Davidson’s Anomalous Monism Mental Tokens are Physical, Mental Types are Anomalous Neutral Monism · Donald Davidson
- Davies's Consciousness in the Cosmos Consciousness as Universal Significance and Strong Emergence Challenge · Paul Davies
- Davies’s Hidden Web of Information Consciousness Rooted in a Hidden Informational Layer Information · Paul Davies
- Deacon’s Self-Organized Constraint and Emergence of Self Consciousness as Self-Organized Constraint and Emergence of Self Materialism · Terrence Deacon
- Deacon’s Symbolic Communication (Human Consciousness) Symbolic Communication Radically Alters Human Consciousness Materialism · Terrence Deacon
- Delaflor's Model Dependent Ontology Consciousness as a Language-Rendered Model of Self and World Challenge · Manuel Delaflor
- Dendritic Integration Theory Consciousness as Dendritic Integration of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Signals Materialism · Matthew Larkum, Jaan Aru
- Dennett’s Evolution of Minds Evolved Minds via Natural Selection without Magic Materialism · Daniel Dennett
- Dennett’s Heterophenomenology Consciousness Studied as Reports and Beliefs About Experience Phenomenology · Daniel Dennett
- Dennett’s Illusionism Consciousness as a Benign User Illusion Materialism · Daniel Dennett
- Dennett’s Multiple Drafts Model Consciousness as Multiple Drafts and Narrative Gravity Materialism · Daniel Dennett, Patricia Churchland, Paul Churchland
- Derrida’s Deconstruction of Self-Presence Self-Presence as an Effect of Différance Phenomenology · Jacques Derrida
- Descartes’s Substance Dualism Consciousness as the Essence of a Thinking Substance Dualism · René Descartes
- Dewart’s Assertive Speech and Self-Presence Consciousness as Self-Present Experience Generated by Speech Materialism · Leslie Sutherland Dewart
- Direct Perception Theory ‘Perception as Direct Awareness of the Distal Stimulus’ Materialism · Ned Block (as describer of direct realist/naïve realist views)
- DOPS Theoretical Framework Consciousness as Filtered Universal Existence Anomalous · Ed Kelly, Ian Stevenson, Bruce Greyson
- Doyle’s Experience Recorder and Reproducer (ERR) ‘Consciousness as Information Playback’ Information · Bob Doyle
- Drabkin’s “Language” as Fundamental Expression Consciousness as Reality Expressing Itself Through Language Materialism · Daniel Drabkin
- Dretske’s Information and Representationalism Consciousness as Information-Carrying Representation Materialism · Fred Dretske
- Dynamic Organicity Theory (DOT) Consciousness as Functionality of Multiscale Complexity Quantum & Dimensions · Roman Poznanski
E
- Eagleman’s Possibilianism ‘Consciousness as High-Level Abstract Representation’ Challenge · David Eagleman
- Edelman’s Neural Darwinism and Reentrant Neural Circuitry ‘Consciousness as Reentrant Neural Discriminations’ Materialism · Gerald Edelman, Giulio Tononi
- Ellis’s Strong Emergence and Top-Down Causation Consciousness as Strong Emergence and Downward Causation Non-Reductive · George F.R. Ellis
- Emergence (Principle of Consciousness) Qualitatively New Properties Arising from Physical Systems Materialism · David Chalmers, Paul Davies, George Ellis
- Emergent Dualism Theory ‘Consciousness as Emergent Nonphysical Substance’ Dualism
- Enactivism Cognition via Dynamic Organism-Environment Interaction Materialism · Francisco Varela, Eleanor Rosch, Evan Thompson
- Entropic Brain Hypothesis Consciousness as Informational Entropy/Criticality Materialism · Robin Carhart-Harris
- Entropic Theories Consciousness as Thermodynamically Constrained Order Materialism · Peter Lugten, Carlos van Hamme, Yifeng Chen
- Ephaptic Coupling Theory Consciousness as Near-Instantaneous Neural Influence via Electric Fields Materialism · Chen
- Epiphenomenalism (Materialism) Consciousness as Causally Inert Foam on the Wave Materialism · David Chalmers
- Epiphenomenalism Theory Consciousness is real but causally inert. Dualism · David Chalmers (Classifier), Frank Jackson (Related Thinker)
- Extended Mind ‘Mind as Coupled Cognitive System’ Materialism · Andy Clark, David Chalmers
F
- Faggin’s Quantum Information-based Panpsychism Consciousness as Quantum Information in Pure States Quantum & Dimensions · Federico Faggin, G.M. D’Ariano
- Fedotov's Communication Hypothesis of Consciousness Consciousness as Encoding Experience Into Shareable Messages Materialism · Sergei A. Fedotov, E. V. Baidyuk
- Feigl's Double Knowledge of Raw Feels Raw Feels and Neural Processes as One Event Known Twice Materialism · Herbert Feigl
- Feinberg and Mallatt’s Ancient Origins of Consciousness Consciousness emerged with the first complex brains Materialism · Todd Feinberg, Jon Mallatt
- Ferrer’s Participatory Enactive Realism Consciousness as Co-Creative Participation in the Real Anomalous · Jorge N. Ferrer
- Feser’s Neo-Thomistic, Neo-Aristotelian, Common-Sense Dualism Consciousness via Immaterial Intellect and Objective Qualities Dualism · Edward Feser
- Feyerabend's Revisable, Disposable Mind Mental Concepts as a Revisable, Replaceable Theory Materialism · Paul Feyerabend
- Fichte’s Self-Positing I Consciousness as the I's Self-Positing Activity Idealism · Johann Gottlieb Fichte
- Fingelkurts and Fingelkurts’s Operational Architectonics Consciousness as Nested Operations of Brain Fields Materialism · Alexander Fingelkurts, Andrew Fingelkurts
- Fish’s Naïve Realism Experience as Direct Relation to the World Materialism · William Fish
- Fisher’s Quantum Cognition Consciousness as Nuclear Spin Quantum Processing Quantum & Dimensions · Matthew Fisher
- Flanagan’s Constructive Naturalism ‘Consciousness as Neurophilosophical Constructive Naturalism’ Materialism · Owen Flanagan
- Fodor's Principled Abstention: Intentionality Bracketing Phenomenality Intentionality Explained, Phenomenal Consciousness Set Aside Challenge · Jerry Alan Fodor
- Forrest’s Intelligent Idealism Consciousness as Mind Under Constraint Idealism · Matthew H. Forrest
- Frank/Gleiser/Thompson’s “The Blind Spot” Consciousness as Irreducible Precondition and Embodied Strange Loop Materialism · Adam Frank, Marcello Gleiser, Evan Thompson
- Frankish’s Illusionism Phenomenal Consciousness as an Introspective Illusion Materialism · Keith Frankish
- Freud's Surface Consciousness and Irreducible Affect Consciousness as the Fugitive Surface of an Unconscious Mind Materialism · Sigmund Freud
- Friston’s free-energy principle and active inference Consciousness as Active Inference and Minimized Surprise Materialism · Karl Friston
- Froese’s Irruption Theory Consciousness as a Black Box Exchanging Entropy with the Body Materialism · Tom Froese
- Functionalism Mental states are functional states defined by their causal role Materialism · Ned Block, J.J.C. Smart, Janet Levin
G
- Gabriel’s New Realism and Field of Sense Consciousness as the Condition of Meaning and Freedom Challenge · Markus Gabriel
- Gallagher’s Embodied Self and Interactive Consciousness Consciousness as Embodied Agency Coupled With World and Others Phenomenology · Shaun Gallagher
- Gambini and Pullin’s Quantum Panprotopsychism Consciousness as the Inner Aspect of Quantum Events Quantum & Dimensions · Rodolfo Gambini, Jorge Pullin
- Gebser's Ever-Present Origin: How Space, Time, and Self Change Shape Across Mutations of Consciousness Consciousness as Historically Mutating Structures of Presence Anomalous · Jean Gebser
- Gefter’s Enactive-QBist Engagement Self and World Co-Enacted Through Participation Materialism · Amanda Gefter
- Giannakopoulos’s Entropy-Resisting Amplifier of Persistence Consciousness as an Entropy-Resisting Amplifier of Persistence Materialism · Bill Giannakopoulos
- Gibson’s Ecological Psychology Consciousness as Embodied, Situated Perception of Affordances Materialism · James J. Gibson
- Ginsburg and Jablonka’s Associative Learning During Evolution ‘Consciousness as Unlimited Associative Learning’ Materialism · Simona Ginsburg, Eva Jablonka
- Globus's Quantum Thermofield Brain Dynamics ‘Disclosure via Quantum Thermofield Dynamics’ Quantum & Dimensions · Gordon Globus, Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida
- God-Supplied Theory Consciousness as Divinely Dispensed Soul Dualism · J.P. Moreland, Richard Swinburne, William Lane Craig
- Godfrey-Smith’s Naturalist, Gradualist, Diversified Evolution of Consciousness Consciousness as Gradually Evolved Animal Subjectivity Materialism · Peter Godfrey-Smith
- Goff's Panpsychism Consciousness as Fundamental and Ubiquitous Feature of Reality Panpsychism · Philip Goff
- Goldstein’s Mind-Body Problem ‘Consciousness as Inderivable Brain Stuff’ Materialism · Rebecca Newberger Goldstein
- Gomatam’s GV Vedanta Consciousness Consciousness as Real Souls Mirrored in Matter Dualism · Ravi Gomatam
- Goswami’s Self-Aware Universe Consciousness as the Agency that Collapses the Wave Function Idealism · Amit Goswami
- Graboi’s three-aspect model Consciousness as Nonphysical Mind interacting with Pure Awareness Anomalous · Daniel Graboi
- Gray’s Brain-Built World-Model: Qualia, Comparators, Late-Error Detection Consciousness as a Display for Late Error Detection Materialism · Jeffrey Alan Gray
- Grinberg’s Syntergic/Neuronal Field Theory Consciousness as a distortion in basic space-time structure Anomalous · Jacobo Grinberg-Zylberbaum
- Grossberg’s Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) ‘Conscious States as Resonant States’ Materialism · Stephen Grossberg
- Gurwitsch’s Structured Field of Experience Consciousness as a Field of Theme, Context, and Margin Phenomenology · Aron Gurwitsch
H
- Hacker’s Skepticism Consciousness as Capacities of Persons, Not a Thing Challenge · Peter Hacker
- Halligan and Oakley’s Species-Enhancing Epiphenomenalism Consciousness as a Causally Inert Social Broadcast Materialism · Peter Halligan, David Oakley
- Hameroff’s Consciousness Came Before Life Consciousness First, Life as Its Vehicle Quantum & Dimensions · Stuart Hameroff, Deepak Chopra
- Hardcastle’s Argument Against Materialism Skeptics Skeptical intuition is a conceptual failure, not a materialist flaw Materialism · Valerie Gray Hardcastle
- Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology Consciousness as One Object Relation Among Many Materialism · Graham Harman
- Harp’s Universal or God Consciousness Consciousness as Union with Universal or God Consciousness Anomalous · Dennis Harp
- Hartford’s Eternal Conjecture Consciousness Grounded in an Eternal Minded Source Challenge · Andrew Downing Hartford
- Hasker's Unified Experience, Conscious Self, Causal Mind Requires a Brain-Generated Nonphysical Substance Consciousness as an Emergent Self Generated by the Brain Dualism · William Hasker
- Hawkins’s Thousand-Brain Remembered Modeling Consciousness as Remembered States of Cortical Models Materialism · Jeff Hawkins
- He’s Joint Determinant Theory Consciousness as Jointly Determined by Many Neural Mechanisms Materialism · Biyu Jade He
- Hebrew Soul Theory 'Soul' (*Nephesh*) as the Whole Living Person Dualism · Hebrew Bible (Scriptures), Jewish Tradition (Theological and Linguistic Interpretations), Eduard Shyfrin (Kabbalah of Information)
- Hegel’s Dialectical Consciousness in the Development of Spirit Consciousness as the Self-Developing Life of Spirit Idealism · Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
- Heidegger’s Dasein (Being-In-The-World) Without Qualia Consciousness Derived From Being-in-the-World Phenomenology · Martin Heidegger
- Henry’s Auto-Affective Self-Revelation of Life Consciousness as Life’s Invisible Self-Feeling Phenomenology · Michel Henry
- Herath's State-Space Selection and the Sentience Factor Consciousness as Stabilized Configuration Plus Felt Response Non-Reductive · Roy (Rohitha) Herath
- Hickey’s Language and Consciousness Language Organizes Consciousness but Does Not Create It Materialism · Raymond Hickey
- Hill's Representationalism: Qualia’s Appearance and Reality Qualia as Represented Appearances, Not Self-Revealing Essences Materialism · Christopher S. Hill
- Hiller’s eternal discarnate consciousness Consciousness as Eternal Discarnate Soul in a Universal Field Anomalous · Jack Hiller
- Hirstein’s Mindmelding Consciousness explained by rejecting metaphysical privacy Materialism · William Hirstein
- Historical and Traditional Dualisms ‘Consciousness as Separate Nonphysical Substance (Soul)’ Dualism · Plato, René Descartes (Modern Start), Richard Swinburne
- Hobbes’s Mechanical Phantasms and the Material Mind Phenomenal Appearance as Motion in the Body Materialism · Thomas Hobbes
- Hobson’s Dreaming Protoconsciousness Dreaming as the Brain’s Virtual Reality Training Ground Anomalous · J. Allan Hobson, Robert McCarley, Karl Friston
- Hoel’s Causal Emergence Consciousness as Causally Emergent Information Information · Erik Hoel
- Hoffman’s Conscious Realism: The Case Against Reality ‘Consciousness is Fundamental Reality’ Idealism · Donald Hoffman
- Hofstadter’s Strange Loops Consciousness as a Self-Referential Strange Loop Materialism · Douglas Hofstadter
- Holmgren’s Grainy, Atomic Feels Consciousness as Discrete Atomic Feels Materialism · Jan Holmgren
- How Consciousness Becomes the Physical Universe Theory Consciousness Governs Causation and Creates Matter Idealism · Mahendra Samarawickrama, Menas Kafatos, Deepak Chopra
- Hume’s Bundle Theory of Perceptions The Mind as a Bundle of Perceptions Materialism · David Hume
- Humphrey’s Magical-Compelling User Illusion Consciousness as an Evolved Inner Magic Show Materialism · Nicholas Humphrey
- Humphrey’s Mental Representations and Brain Attractors Phenomenal Consciousness as Evolved Mental Representations in Attractors Materialism · Nicholas Humphrey
- Hunt and Schooler’s General Resonance Theory Consciousness as Resonating Electromagnetic Fields Materialism · Tam Hunt, Jonathan Schooler
- Hurley’s Sensorimotor Loops and Embodied Interaction Consciousness as Perception–Action Loops Materialism · Susan Hurley
- Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology Consciousness as Intentional, World-Constituting Lived Experience Phenomenology · Edmund Husserl
- Huxley’s Mind-At-Large Filter Theory Consciousness as Mind at Large Through a Reducing Valve Anomalous · Aldous Huxley
I
- Indian Personal Consciousness: Plural Selves and Real Matter Consciousness as Many Eternal Selves in Real Matter Dualism · Swami Medhananda, Swami Sarvapriyananda, Īśvarakṛṣṇa
- Integral Theory Consciousness as an Evolutionary Spectrum Anomalous · Ken Wilber
- Integrated Information Theory (IIT) An experience is identical to a conceptual structure that is maximally irreducible intrinsically. Information · Giulio Tononi, Christof Koch
- Interactive Dualism Theory Separate Physical and Nonphysical Substances that Interact Dualism
- Irvine’s Scientific Eliminativism Consciousness as a Scientifically Dispensable Cluster Concept Materialism · Elizabeth Irvine
- Islamic Soul Theory The Soul/Nafs as Spiritual Light placed by God Dualism · al-Kindî, al-Farabi, Avicenna
- Ismael's Reflexive Representation and Situated Self Subjectivity as the Reflexive Surface of Thought Materialism · Jenann Ismael
J
- J. Campbell’s Attention-Empowered Relationalism Conscious Attention as the Basis of Reference Materialism · John Campbell
- Jackendoff’s Intermediate-Level Cognitive Representations Consciousness as Intermediate-Level Mental Representation Materialism · Ray Jackendoff
- Jackson's Diaphanous Representationalism and the Knowledge Argument ‘Phenomenal Character is Exhausted by Representational Content’ Materialism · Frank Jackson
- James's Plural Consciousness, Brain as Filter of a Wider Consciousness Consciousness as Plural and Transmitted by the Brain Anomalous · William James
- James’s Radical Empiricism of Monistic Pure Experience Consciousness as a Function Within Pure Experience Neutral Monism · William James
- James’s Stream of Thought/Consciousness Consciousness as a Continuous, Selective Stream Phenomenology · William James
- Jaworski’s Hylomorphism ‘Consciousness as Fundamental Structure and Powers’ Materialism · William Jaworski
- Jaynes’s Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind Consciousness as a Learned Linguistic/Metaphorical Analog of the World Materialism · Julian Jaynes
- Johnson and Debold’s Urantia Theocosmic Cosmopsychism Consciousness as Participation in Divine Mind Anomalous · JJ Johnson, Bob Debold
- Jones’s Electromagnetic Fields Minds are unified neural electromagnetic fields Materialism · Mostyn Jones
- Josephson’s Psi-informed Models Understanding the brain via models informed by psi phenomena. Anomalous · Brian Josephson
- Jung’s Synchronicity and the Collective Unconscious ‘Consciousness linked by Acausal Meaning’ Anomalous · Carl Jung, Wolfgang Pauli
K
- Kadić's Monadic Panpsychism Human Experience as Relationally Constituted Microsubjects Panpsychism · Nino Kadić
- Kak’s Universal Consciousness Consciousness as the Light Illuminating the Universe Idealism · Subhash Kak
- Kammerer’s Introspective Illusionism Phenomenal Consciousness as a Product of Introspective Misrepresentation Materialism · François Kammerer
- Kant’s Transcendental Idealism Consciousness as the Unifying Condition of Experience Idealism · Immanuel Kant
- Kashmir Shaivism’s Dynamic Non-Dualism Consciousness as Shiva's Self-Aware, Creative Vibration Idealism
- Kauffman’s Mind Mediating Possibles to Actuals Mind Mediating Possibles to Actuals via Quantum Measurement Quantum & Dimensions · Stuart Kauffman, Dean Radin, Andrea Roli
- Keppler’s Zero-Point Field Consciousness Rooted in the Quantum Vacuum Quantum & Dimensions · Joachim Keppler
- Khasho’s NDE-Enabled Field-Substrate Translation Model Consciousness as a Field State Translated by the Brain Anomalous · Joseph Khasho
- Kim’s Supervenience No Mental Difference Without a Physical Difference Materialism · Jaegwon Kim
- Kind's Dualism 2.0 Duality of phenomenal and physical activity Dualism · Amy Kind
- King’s Symbiotic Existential Cosmology Consciousness as the Universe's Interactive Complement Quantum & Dimensions · Chris King
- Koch Compares Integrated Information Theory with Panpsychism Theory IIT: A Fundamentally Conscious Theory that Resolves Panpsychism's Combination Problem Information · Christof Koch, Giulio Tononi
- Koch’s Consciousness does not Depend on Language Theory Consciousness is independent of language Materialism · Christof Koch
- Kojdić’s Interface Ontology of Consciousness Consciousness as Stabilizer of the World Interface Materialism · Petar Kojdić
- Kriegel’s Cross-Order Self-Representation Consciousness as an Experience That Represents Itself Materialism · Uriah Kriegel
- Kripke’s Modal Argument Against Mind–Brain Identity Pain Is Essentially Felt, So Not a Brain State Materialism · Saul Kripke
- Krishnamurti's Consciousness Is Its Content Consciousness as Its Conditioned Content; the Observer Is the Observed Phenomenology · Jiddu Krishnamurti, David Bohm
L
- Lahav's relativistic theory Consciousness as a physical phenomenon relative to a cognitive frame of reference Materialism · Nir Lahav, Z.A. Neemeh
- Lakoff and Johnson’s Embodied Realism and Embodied Mind The Mind Is the Body Materialism · George Lakoff, Mark Johnson
- Lamme's Recurrent Processing Theory ‘Consciousness as Recurrent Processing in Sensory Systems’ Materialism · Victor Lamme
- Lau’s Perceptual Reality Monitoring Theory ‘Consciousness as Perceptual Reality Monitoring’ Materialism · Hakwan Lau
- LeDoux Deep Roots Theory of Consciousness Consciousness as an emergent product of enhanced survival mechanisms. Materialism · Joseph LeDoux
- LeDoux’s Higher-Order Theory of Emotional Consciousness Consciousness as Higher-Order Representation of Emotional and Perceptual States Materialism · Joseph LeDoux, Richard Brown
- Leibniz's Monads Consciousness as Reflective Perception in Simple Substances Neutral Monism · Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Leslie's Consciousness Inside an Infinite Mind Consciousness as Eternal Contemplation of Value Neutral Monism · John Leslie
- Levin’s Ingressing Minds from Platonic Space Minds as Patterns Ingressing from Platonic Space Information · Michael Levin
- Levin’s Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere (TAME) Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere (TAME) Challenge · Michael Levin
- Levine’s Explanatory Gap Consciousness as What Physical Explanation Leaves Out Materialism · Joseph Levine
- Lewis and MacGregor’s Phase of Energy Resonator Model Consciousness as a New Phase of Energy Materialism · Edwin R. Lewis, Ronald J. MacGregor
- Lewis’s Analytic Functionalism and Causal-Role Identity Theory Experiences as the Physical Occupants of Causal Roles Materialism · David Lewis
- Libet's Conscious Mental Field Consciousness as a Brain-Generated Nonphysical Field Dualism · Benjamin Libet
- Libet's Mind Time: Readiness Potential, Unconscious Initiation, Delayed Awareness, Antedating Consciousness Consciousness as Delayed, Back-Referred Experience Materialism · Benjamin Libet
- Llinas’s Mindness State of Oscillations Theory ‘Consciousness as Neuronal Oscillations and Prediction’ Materialism · Rodolfo Llinas
- Locke’s Reflexive Consciousness and the Making of the Person Consciousness as Self-Aware Perception That Makes the Person Materialism · John Locke
- Loorits's Structural Realism Consciousness as Fully Structural Neural Patterns Materialism · Kristjan Loorits
- Lorber’s Soul and Spirit Consciousness as Soul Particles Guided by a Divine Spark Dualism · Jakob Lorber, Albert Hoffmann
- Lycan’s Homuncular Functionalism ‘Consciousness as Second-Order Representation and Internal Attention’ Materialism · William Lycan
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- Malebranche’s Divine Occasionalism: Inner Sensation and Phenomenal Experience Consciousness as Soul States Produced by God on Bodily Occasions Dualism · Nicolas Malebranche
- Malinkovic and Aru’s Biological Computationalism Consciousness as Substrate-Bound, Multiscale Biological Computation Materialism · Borjan Milinkovic, Jaan Aru
- Mandik’s Qualia Quietism Consciousness Without Qualia Talk: Self-Representing Neural States Materialism · Pete Mandik
- Mansell’s Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) Consciousness as reorganization minimizing intrinsic error Materialism · Warren Mansell
- Manzotti’s Mind-Object Identity ("Spread Mind") Experience Is the Object Itself Materialism · Riccardo Manzotti
- Marchetti’s Attention-Based Theory Consciousness as Attention Modulating Neural Energy Materialism · Giorgio Marchetti
- Markwell’s Process Identity Theory Consciousness as Recursive, Embodied Self-Modeling Dynamics Materialism · J. Kevin Markwell
- Mascari’s Qualion-Mind Paradigm Consciousness as Fields Generated by Bodily Energy-Structures Dualism · Stephen Arnold Mascari
- Mathematical Theories Consciousness as Formal Mathematical Structure Materialism · Johannes Kleiner, Tim Ludwig, Yucong Duan
- Maxwell’s Unique-Matching Theory Consciousness as the Felt Aspect of Matched Brain Structure Non-Reductive · Nicholas Maxwell
- McComas's Hippocampal Memory-Stream Theory Consciousness as the Hippocampal Short-Term Memory Stream Materialism · Alan J. McComas
- McFadden’s Conscious Electromagnetic Information Theory ‘Consciousness as Physically Integrated Electromagnetic Information’ Materialism · Johnjoe McFadden
- McGilchrist's Relational, Creative-Process Idealism Consciousness is the Stuff of the Cosmos Idealism · Iain McGilchrist
- McGinn’s Brain Perception Consciousness as Perception of One’s Own Brain Materialism · Colin McGinn
- McGinn’s Living Consciousness Consciousness Confined to Living Organic Tissue Materialism · Colin McGinn
- McGinn's Ultimate Mystery (Mysterianism) The bond between mind and brain is an ultimate mystery Challenge · Colin McGinn
- McLaughlin's Neurobiologicalism Phenomenal Types as Neurobiological Types Materialism · Brian P. McLaughlin
- Meditation and the Brain Consciousness Correlated with Altered Brain Rhythms Anomalous · Catherine Kerr, Anne Trafton, Madhav Goyal
- Meijer’s Universal Knowledge Field ‘Consciousness as Universal Knowledge Field’ Idealism · Dirk K. F. Meijer
- Meinong's Self-Presenting Experience Consciousness as Self-Presenting Directedness Toward Any Object Phenomenology · Alexius Meinong
- Melnyk’s Realization Physicalism Qualia as Physically Realized Representational Properties Materialism · Andrew Melnyk
- Merker’s Midbrain-Centered Reality Space Consciousness as a Midbrain Simulation of Body-in-World Materialism · Björn Merker
- Merleau-Ponty's Embodied Perception and the Lived Body Consciousness as the Lived Body’s Engagement With a World Phenomenology · Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- Merriam’s Calculus of Qualia as Logical Primitives Qualia as Non-Referential Logical Primitives Challenge · Paul Merriam, Mohammed A. Z. Habeeb
- Metzinger’s No-Self Representational Theory of Subjectivity ‘Phenomenal Self as Transparent Self-Model’ Materialism · Thomas Metzinger
- Micropsychism Theory Consciousness as Micro-level Phenomenal Property Panpsychism
- Mikkilineni and Michaels’s Emergent Optimization Process Consciousness as Life’s Uncertainty-Managing Optimizer Materialism · Rao Mikkilineni, Max Michaels
- Miller’s Brain Waves’ Analog Organization of Cortex Consciousness as Cortex Unified by Analog Brain Waves Materialism · Earl K. Miller
- Minsky’s Society of Mind ‘Consciousness as a Suitcase Term for Agents’ Materialism · Marvin Minsky
- Mishlove’s Beyond-The-Brain Filtered, Survival Consciousness Consciousness as Universal Mind Filtered by the Brain Anomalous · Jeffrey Mishlove
- Mitchell and Jennings’s Consciousness Needs a Subject Consciousness as the Mode of Being a Subject Materialism · Kevin J. Mitchell, Carolyn Dicey Jennings
- Mitchell’s 15 Questions Fifteen Questions a Theory of Consciousness Must Answer Materialism · Kevin J. Mitchell
- Mitchell's Free Agents Free Agents from Purely Physical Brain Workings Materialism · Kevin Mitchell
- Moll’s Multitrack Consciousness Conjecture Consciousness as Many Selves, Each in Its Own Now Information · Jorge Moll
- Montero’s Incomplete Post-Physicalism Consciousness as Physical, Within an Incomplete Physics Non-Reductive · Barbara Montero
- Mørch's Phenomenal-Causal Powers Panpsychism Consciousness as the Causal Powers of Matter Panpsychism · Hedda Hassel Mørch
- Moreland’s Christian Soul Consciousness as Wholly Immaterial Soul Dualism · J.P. Moreland
- Morrison’s Position Selecting Interactionism Consciousness as a Particle Choosing Its Position Quantum & Dimensions · Colin S. Morrison
- Morsella’s Passive Frame for Action Conflict Resolution Consciousness as a Passive Frame for Skeletomotor Conflict Materialism · Ezequiel Morsella
- Mossbridge’s Informational Substrate as Collective Unconscious Consciousness as Writing Intentions to the Collective Unconscious Anomalous · Julia Mossbridge
- Murphy’s Non-Reductive Physicalism Mind is Irreducibly Distinct Physical Property Non-Reductive · Nancey Murphy
- Musser’s “Is It Really So Hard?” ‘Consciousness as an Intractable but Knowable Problem’ Challenge · George Musser
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- Nader’s All There Is Consciousness is all there is Idealism · Tony Nader
- Nāgārjuna’s Empty Consciousness: Experience Without Essence Consciousness as Empty Dependent Arising Idealism · Nāgārjuna
- Nagasawa’s Mind-Body in an Infinitely Decomposable Universe Theory Consciousness in a Top-Down Priority Monism Challenge · Yujin Nagasawa
- Nagasawa’s Nontheoretical Physicalism Theory Physicalism beyond physical theory Non-Reductive · Yujin Nagasawa
- Nagel's Mind and Cosmos Mind as a Fundamental Principle of Nature Challenge · Thomas Nagel
- Near Death Experiences, Survival, Past Lives Consciousness persists beyond brain death Anomalous · Ian Stevenson, Bruce Greyson, Pim van Lommel
- Neven's Quantum Superposition Formation Consciousness Arises When a Quantum Superposition Forms Quantum & Dimensions · Hartmut Neven, Christof Koch
- Ney’s Physicalism, Not Scientism Consciousness as Real but Not Fundamental Materialism · Alyssa Ney
- Nichols’s Primal Eye Consciousness as the Phantom of a Lost Primal Eye Materialism · Steven Nichols
- Nida-Rümelin’s Subject-Body Dualism Consciousness as a Non-Material Subject That Has a Body Dualism · Martine Nida-Rümelin
- No Hard Problem in William James’s Psychology Theory Consciousness as Adaptive Selection Mechanism Materialism · William James, Tracy Witham
- Noël’s Nested Field Theory Consciousness as a High-Frequency Nested Information Field Anomalous · Christopher Noël
- Nonphysical Component in the Human Mind Theory The Nonphysical Component for Human Mentality Dualism · Robert Lawrence Kuhn
- Northoff’s Non-Reductive Neurophilosophy Theory Methodological Tool at the Interface of Philosophy and Neuroscience Non-Reductive · Georg Northoff
- Northoff’s Temporo-Spatial Sentience Theory Sentience arising via Temporo-Spatial Mechanisms Materialism · Georg Northoff
- Nyāya’s Contingent Consciousness of the Enduring Self Consciousness as a Passing Quality of a Non-Conscious Self Dualism · Gautama (Akṣapāda), Vātsyāyana, Gaṅgeśa
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- O'Reilly-Shah's State Space Theory and Computational Dynamic Monism Consciousness as Self-Referential Dynamical Embedding in Plastic Networks Materialism · Vikas N. O'Reilly-Shah
- Ostendorf’s Predictive, Pattern-Driven Interface Consciousness as a Survival Interface Narrated by Language Materialism · Jason Ostendorf
- Owen’s Mind-Body Powers: NCC are Philosophically and Religiously Neutral Consciousness as a Mental Power Co-Manifesting with the Brain Challenge · Matthew Owen
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- Pacheco’s Science of Unity Consciousness and Matter as One Fractal Continuum Quantum & Dimensions · Paulo De Luca Pacheco
- Panksepp’s Primal Affective Consciousness Consciousness as Primal Subcortical Feeling Materialism · Jaak Panksepp
- Panprotopsychism Protophenomenal properties combine to generate consciousness Panpsychism · David Chalmers, Philip Goff
- Papineau’s Mind-Brain Identity ‘Consciousness as Fundamental Mind-Brain Identity’ Materialism · David Papineau
- Parrington’s Language and Tool-Driven Consciousness Human Consciousness as Language and Tool-Driven Unity Materialism · John Parrington
- Pauli’s One World, Two Aspects: Psychophysical Complementarity Consciousness as the Psychic Aspect of One World Neutral Monism · Wolfgang Pauli, Carl Jung
- Peirce’s Phaneroscopic Semiotics Consciousness as Firstness, the Pure Quality of Feeling Phenomenology · Charles Sanders Peirce
- Penrose-Hameroff’s Orchestrated Objective Reduction Consciousness as Orchestrated Objective Reduction in Microtubules Quantum & Dimensions · Roger Penrose, Stuart Hameroff
- Pepperell’s Organization of Energy ‘Consciousness as Organized Energetic Activity’ Materialism · Robert Pepperell
- Pereira’s Sentience Consciousness as a two-tiered system grounded in sentience Materialism · Antonio Pereira, Jr.
- Pereira’s Triple-Aspect Monism Consciousness as Feeling Co-Emerging From Three Aspects Neutral Monism · Alfredo Pereira Jr.
- Petitmengin’s Micro-Phenomenology Consciousness as Describable Micro-Dynamics of Lived Experience Phenomenology · Claire Petitmengin
- Pinker’s Naturalism Brain-Bound Access, Mysterian-Light Phenomenality Challenge · Steven Pinker
- Pitts’s Interactionist Dualism: Energy Conservation and Mental Causation Mental Causation Without Fear of Conservation Laws Dualism · J. Brian Pitts
- Place’s Empirical Identity and the Phenomenological Fallacy Consciousness as an Empirically Identified Brain Process Materialism · Ullin Thomas Place
- Pockett’s Conscious and Non-Conscious Patterns ‘Consciousness as Spatial Electromagnetic Patterns’ Materialism · Susan Pockett
- Polkinghorne’s Dual-Aspect Monism Mind and Matter as Complementary Aspects of a Unitary Being Neutral Monism · John Polkinghorne
- Popper and Eccles's Interactionist Dualism: Three Worlds and the Liaison Brain Consciousness as a Non-Physical Mind Acting on the Brain Dualism · Karl Popper, John Eccles, Friedrich Beck
- Poznanski’s Processual Relational Geometry: Self-Intending Transscale Consciousness Consciousness as Self-Sustaining Relational Organization Across Scales Non-Reductive · Roman R. Poznanski
- Predictive Theories (Top-Down) Consciousness as Active Prediction Synthesis Materialism · Andy Clark, Richard Gregory, Karl Friston
- Pretel-Wilson’s Human Systems Theory Consciousness Superseded by Actual–Possible Duality Materialism · Manel Pretel-Wilson
- Pribram’s Holonomic Brain Theory ‘Consciousness as Holographic Quantum Storage’ Materialism · Karl Pribram, David Bohm
- Prinz’s Neurofunctionalism: Attention Engenders Experience Consciousness as Attended Intermediate Representation Materialism · Jesse Prinz
- Projective Consciousness Model Consciousness as Projective Geometry and Active Inference Materialism · David Rudrauf, Kenneth Williford, Daniel Bennequin
- Property Dualism One Substance, Two Irreducible Properties (Mental and Physical) Dualism · David Chalmers (for Naturalistic Dualism, a variant); historically influenced by numerous philosophers seeking to preserve mental reality within a monist substance framework.
- Psychedelic Theories of Consciousness Consciousness as Altered State Epistemology Anomalous · Rupert Carhart-Harris, Karl Friston, Peter Sjöstedt-Hughes
- Pulido-Moyano’s Consciousness Endomitosis Theory Consciousness Dividing and Recognizing Itself as Cosmos Idealism · Rafael Pulido-Moyano
- Putnam’s Machine Functionalism Mental States as Functional Roles, Like Software Materialism · Hilary Putnam
- Pylkkänen’s Quantum Potential Energy and Active Information Consciousness Reflects Quantum Holism and Active Information Quantum & Dimensions · Paavo Pylkkänen, Basil Hiley
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- QBism’s Primitive, Participatory Experience: Quantum Agency and the First-Person World Experience as the Primitive of Quantum Theory Quantum & Dimensions · Christopher A. Fuchs, Rüdiger Schack, Carlton Caves
- QRI’s State-Space, Qualia Formalism, Valence Realism Consciousness as Mathematically Representable State-Space and Valence Neutral Monism · Qualia Research Institute (QRI), Michael Edward Johnson
- Qualia Force Theory Consciousness as an Emergent Deep Feature of Physical Reality Panpsychism · No specific primary proponents are named in the source, which presents this as a general theoretical category within panpsychism variants.
- Qualia Space Theory Consciousness as an Independent, Non-Reducible Dimensional Feature of Reality Panpsychism · Giulio Tononi, Christof Koch
- Quine's Linguistic Demotion of Phenomenal Consciousness Quality Talk as a Second-Grade, Derivative Idiom Materialism · Willard Van Orman Quine
- Quine’s Naturalized Mind and the Demoted Phenomenal Consciousness as a Bodily State Described in a Second-Grade Idiom Materialism · Willard Van Orman Quine
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- Radin's Challenge to Materialism Consciousness as Fundamental Ocean revealed by Psi Anomalous · Dean Radin
- Ramachandran’s New Physics and Neuroscience Consciousness Entwined with New Physical Laws Neutral Monism · V.S. Ramachandran
- Raman’s Cosmic Significance Consciousness as the Universe's Third Big Bang Challenge · Varadaraja Venkata (V. V.) Raman
- Realms of the Soul Theory Consciousness as Derivative of Multi-Level Nonphysical Soul Dualism · Yogācāra Buddhism, Sufism in Islam, Kabbalah in Judaism
- Reason's No-Go Theorem against Materialism/Supervenience Self-Certainty Cannot Supervene on Physical Processes Challenge · Catherine M. Reason, Gilbert Caplain
- Resch’s Platonic Functionalism Minds and Worlds as Platonic Computations Information · Jason Resch
- Richheimer’s Ground Substance of Creation Consciousness as the Ground Substance of Creation Idealism · Steven L. Richheimer
- Rosenthal’s Higher-Order Thought Consciousness as Thought About One’s Own States Materialism · David Rosenthal
- Rourk’s Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport Theory Consciousness as the Selected Channel in Midbrain Electron Transport Quantum & Dimensions · Christopher J. Rourk
- Rovelli’s Relational Physics ‘Consciousness as Perspectival Reality’ Quantum & Dimensions · Carlo Rovelli
- Russellian Monism Phenomenal properties are the intrinsic nature of fundamental matter Neutral Monism · Bertrand Russell, Torin Alter, Yujin Nagasawa
- Ryle’s Category-Dissolution of Inner-Theater Consciousness Mind as Dispositions, Not a Ghost in the Machine Materialism · Gilbert Ryle
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- S. Harris’s Mystery of Consciousness ‘Consciousness as an Unbridgeable Gap’ Challenge · Sam Harris
- Safron’s Integrated World Modeling Theory Consciousness as Coherent Generative World Modeling Information · Adam Safron
- Samarawickrama’s Fundamental, Frequency-Bearing Field Consciousness as a Fundamental, Frequency-Bearing Field Idealism · Mahendra Samarawickrama
- Sāṃkhya's Pure Witness and the Material Mind Consciousness as Pure Witness Apart from Material Mind Dualism · Kapila, Īśvarakṛṣṇa, Gauḍapāda
- Śaṅkara's Self-Luminous Nondualism Consciousness as Self-Luminous, Nondual Brahman Idealism · Śaṅkara
- Sapolsky’s Hard Incompatibilism ‘Consciousness as Complex Emergent Property’ Materialism · Robert Sapolsky
- Sarkar’s Infinite Supreme Consciousness Consciousness as the Infinite Source and Goal of Creation Idealism · Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Richard Gauthier
- Sartre’s Pre-reflective Consciousness as For-Itself Consciousness as Self-Aware Nothingness Directed at the World Phenomenology · Jean-Paul Sartre
- Schelling’s Nature, Spirit, and the Identity of Mind Consciousness as Nature Awakening to Itself Idealism · Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
- Schiff’s Anterior Forebrain Mesocircuit of Conscious Recovery Conscious Level as Thalamocortical Circuit Function Materialism · Nicholas D. Schiff
- Schlitz’s Theory of Mind Consciousness as an Interface Between Inner and Outer Anomalous · Marilyn Schlitz
- Schneider and Bailey’s Entangled Superpsychism Superconsciousness in Entanglement Beneath Spacetime Panpsychism · Susan Schneider, Mark Bailey
- Schooler’s Resonance Theory and Subjective Time ‘Consciousness via Nested Resonance and Subjective Time’ Anomalous · Jonathan Schooler, Tan Hunt
- Schopenhauer’s The World as Will Consciousness as the Will's Secondary Instrument Idealism · Arthur Schopenhauer
- Schwitzgebel's Unreliable Introspection, Indeterminate Boundaries, Metaphysical Humility Real Experience, Unreliable Introspection, Vague Boundaries Challenge · Eric Schwitzgebel
- Searle’s Biological Naturalism Consciousness as an irreducible biological feature of the brain Materialism · John Searle
- Searle’s Language and Consciousness ‘Language as Enhancer and Shaper of Consciousness’ Materialism · John Searle
- Sebastian’s Predictive Machine Consciousness as Observer of a Predictive World Model Materialism · Jinesh Kallunkathariyil Sebastian
- Sejnowski’s Computational Two Tiers and Traveling Waves Consciousness as Self-Generated Thinking in a Spike-Timed Cortical Tier Materialism · Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Sellars’s Sensa Beyond the Given Sensations as Qualitative Physical Processes Awaiting Future Physics Materialism · Wilfrid Sellars
- Sensorimotor (Enactive) Theory of Consciousness (Noë’s “Out of Our Heads” View) Consciousness as Active World-Interaction Materialism · Alva Noë, Kevin O’Regan
- Sergent’s Global Playground Consciousness as Temporally Flexible Global Access Materialism · Claire Sergent
- Seth’s “Beast Machine” Theory ‘Consciousness as Controlled Hallucination based on Prediction’ Materialism · Anil Seth
- Shanahan’s Embodied Insights from Disembodied Minds Consciousness Bound to Body, World and Society Materialism · Murray Shanahan
- Shanon's Cartography and Structured Spectrum Consciousness as a Mapped Spectrum of Experiential Types Phenomenology · Benny Shanon
- Sheldrake’s Morphic Fields Theory Consciousness and Form Governed by Morphic Fields Anomalous · Rupert Sheldrake
- Sheldrake’s Self-Organizing Systems at all Levels of Complexity Theory ‘Mind or Consciousness at all Levels of Nature’ Panpsychism · Rupert Sheldrake
- Shen’s Generative Principle of Physical Reality Physical Reality as Consciousness Constraining Itself Idealism · Qiang (Tony) Shen
- Shermer’s Known Unknown…and Possibly Unknowable Only You Can Experience You Challenge · Michael Shermer
- Shiah’s Contentless Consciousness Theory Consciousness as Contentless, Eternal Awareness Anomalous · Yung-Jong Shiah
- Shiah’s Cryptochrome Theory Consciousness as a Non-Local Force Received by Cryptochrome Quantum & Dimensions · Yung-Jong Shiah
- Siler's Art of Consciousness Consciousness as Creative Connection-Making Challenge · Todd Siler
- Singer and Melloni’s Large-Scale Synchrony Consciousness as Large-Scale Neural Synchrony Materialism · Wolf Singer, Lucia Melloni
- Skopelitou’s Logos: Language Before Consciousness? Consciousness Made Possible by Language Materialism · Stella Skopelitou
- Smart’s Topic-Neutral Identity Sensations as Brain Processes Under Topic-Neutral Description Materialism · John Jamieson Carswell Smart
- Smith's Language as Classifier of Consciousness Consciousness as Linguistically Classified Content Materialism · Barry Smith
- Smolin’s Causal Theory of Views Consciousness as Novel or Unique Causal Views Quantum & Dimensions · Lee Smolin
- Solms's Affect as the Hidden Spring of Consciousness Affect as the Foundational Form of Consciousness Materialism · Mark Solms
- Soul in indigenous religions Multifarious, ubiquitous, time-resilient soul beliefs Dualism · Claude Rivière, Stevan Harrell
- Sperry’s Mentalist Paradigm Consciousness as a Causal Emergent of Brain Function Non-Reductive · Roger Sperry
- Spinoza’s One Reality: Embodied Mind and Graded Consciousness Mind as the Idea of the Body Neutral Monism · Baruch Spinoza
- Spira’s Non-Duality Consciousness as Single, Infinite, Indivisible Reality Idealism · Rupert Spira
- Sprigge’s Absolute Idealism Finite Minds as Perspectives Within One Cosmic Experience Idealism · Timothy L. S. Sprigge
- Sreedharan’s Affective Survival Theory Consciousness as Felt Affect Selected for Survival Materialism · Shaji Sreedharan
- Sri Aurobindo’s Evolving Consciousness Consciousness as Divine Reality Evolving Through Matter Idealism · Sri Aurobindo
- Sri Ramana’s Self as Pure Consciousness Consciousness as Self-Shining Pure Being Idealism · Ramana Maharshi, Michael James
- Stapp’s Collapsing the Wave Function via Asking “Questions” ‘Consciousness as Quantum Wave Function Collapse’ Quantum & Dimensions · Henry Stapp, John von Neumann
- Starrett’s Radical Panpsychism Experience as the Dynamics of Degrees of Freedom Panpsychism · John Starrett
- Steiner’s Esoteric Soul and Consciousness ‘Consciousness as Overlapping Astral and Etheric Bodies’ Dualism · Rudolf Steiner
- Stoljar’s Epistemic View and Non-Standard Physicalism Physicalism Defended via Epistemic Ignorance Materialism · Daniel Stoljar
- Strawson’s Panpsychism Theory ‘Real Materialism Entails Panpsychism’ Panpsychism · Galen Strawson
- Strawson’s Realistic Monism and Real Materialism Theory Consciousness is Wholly Physical and Experiential Neutral Monism · Galen Strawson
- Strømme’s Universal Consciousness as Foundational Field Consciousness as the Field Underlying Space–Time Quantum & Dimensions · Maria Strømme, Sydney Banks
- Stump’s Thomistic Dualism Non-Cartesian Immaterial Soul Realized in Matter Dualism · Eleonore Stump, St. Thomas Aquinas
- Swimme’s Cosmogenesis ‘Consciousness as the Ultimate Aim of the Universe’ Anomalous · Brian Swimme, Thomas Berry
- Swinburne's Substance Dualism Consciousness as Radically Separate Nonphysical Substance Dualism · Richard Swinburne
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- T. Clark’s Content Hypothesis Theory Phenomenal consciousness as structured representational content Materialism · Thomas Clark
- Tallis's Anti-Neuromania Skepticism ‘Consciousness as Intact Mystery’ Challenge · Raymond Tallis
- Tart’s Emergent Interactionism ‘Consciousness as Emergent System Property of Dual Interaction’ Anomalous · Charles Tart
- Tegmark’s State of Matter Consciousness as a State of Matter: Perceptronium Neutral Monism · Max Tegmark
- Teilhard de Chardin’s Evolving Consciousness Consciousness as the Withinness of Matter Neutral Monism · Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Ilia Delio
- Thagard’s Neural Representation, Binding, Coherence, Competition ‘Consciousness Built by Neural Mechanisms’ Materialism · Paul Thagard
- Theise’s and Kafatos’s Fundamental Awareness and Complexity Awareness as the Ground of a Complex, Non-Dual Universe Idealism · Neil Theise, Menas Kafatos
- Theosophy Theory (Theosophy’s Eclectic Soul and Consciousness) ‘Consciousness as Fundamental, Multi-Level Cosmic Wisdom’ Dualism · Madame Blavatsky, Edi Bilimoria
- Thompson’s Mind in Life Mind as Enriched Self-Organizing Life Materialism · Evan Thompson, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela
- Thompson's Phenomenology: Waking, Dreaming, Sleeping, Pure Awareness Consciousness as Lived Experience Across Waking, Dreaming, Sleep Phenomenology · Evan Thompson
- Toomela’s Language-Mediated Structural-Systemic Theory Consciousness as Language-Mediated Experience of Experience Materialism · Aaro Toomela
- Torday’s Cellular and Cosmic Consciousness Cellular Consciousness linked by Quantum Entanglement to the Cosmos Quantum & Dimensions · John Torday
- Tozzi’s Multidimensional Brain Consciousness as High-Dimensional Brain Activity Quantum & Dimensions · Arturo Tozzi
- Transparency Thesis (Transparency Theory) ‘Consciousness as Transparent Representation’ Materialism · William G. Lycan, Gilbert Harman, Michael Tye
- Trialism Consciousness Within a Three-Part Structure of Reality Dualism · John Cottingham, Karl Popper, John Eccles
- Tsuchiya’s Relational Approach to Consciousness Consciousness as Mathematically Characterized Relationships Materialism · Nao Tsuchiya, Hayato Saigo
- Turing’s Imitation, Machine Thought, and the Hidden Mind Machine Minds Judged Without Solving Consciousness Materialism · Alan Turing
- Tye’s Contingentism ‘Consciousness as Contingent Physical Identity’ Materialism · Michael Tye, Herbert Feigl, Ullin Place
- Tye’s Irreducible Consciousness Irreducible On/Off Consciousness Transferred from the Fundamental Panpsychism · Michael Tye
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- Van Dusen’s Hyperspatial Dimension Theory Mind as Real Higher-Dimensional Space Quantum & Dimensions · Wilson M. Van Dusen
- van Inwagen’s Christian Materialism and Resurrection of the Dead Materialism Reconciled with Biblical Resurrection Non-Reductive · Peter van Inwagen
- Varela’s Neurophenomenology Consciousness as Mutual Constraint of Experience and Brain Phenomenology · Francisco Varela
- Velmans’s Reflexive Monism The Brain is the Mind Viewed from the Third Person Neutral Monism · Max Velmans
- Vișan’s Self-Reference Consciousness as Self-Reference Looking Back at Itself Idealism · Cosmin Vișan
- Vucolova’s Collapse into Translation Consciousness as the Collapse of Perception into Symbol Materialism · Ludmila Vucolova
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- W. Freeman's Intentional Neurodynamics Consciousness as Frames of Coherent Cortical Dynamics Materialism · Walter J. Freeman III, Giuseppe Vitiello
- Wallace’s Panpsychism Inside Physics Consciousness as the Intrinsic Nature of Physics Panpsychism · David Wallace
- Wang’s Layered Architecture and Cognitive Informatics Consciousness as the Top Layer of a Formal Brain Architecture Materialism · Yingxu Wang
- Ward’s Personal Idealism: Souls as Embodied Agents Created by God Consciousness as the Embodied Subject of Agency Created by God Idealism · Keith Ward
- Ward's Thalamic Dynamic Core and Min's Thalamic Reticular Gate Consciousness as Synchronized Thalamic Dynamics Materialism · Lawrence M. Ward, Byoung-Kyong Min
- Weisberg’s Explanatory Optimism via Automated Compression Theory Hard-Problem Intuitions as Artifacts of Compressed Access Materialism · Josh Weisberg
- Whitehead's Experience is Fundamental, Consciousness is Not Consciousness as the Rare Crown of Universal Experience Neutral Monism · Alfred North Whitehead, David Ray Griffin, Charles Hartshorne
- Whitehead's Process Theory Consciousness as Process-Relational Panexperientialism Panpsychism · Alfred North Whitehead, Matthew T. Segall
- Wigner–von Neumann’s Consciousness-Collapse: Experience at the Quantum Cut Consciousness as What Ends the Quantum Measurement Chain Quantum & Dimensions · Eugene Wigner, John von Neumann, Fritz London
- Winkelman's Integrative Mode of Neurognostic Structures Consciousness as an Organism’s Model Built From Innate Knowing Structures Phenomenology · Michael J. Winkelman
- Wittgenstein's Grammatical Fiction The Private Inner Object as Grammatical Fiction Challenge · Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Wolfram’s Consciousness in the Ruliad ‘Consciousness as Bounded Perception in the Computational Ruliad’ Quantum & Dimensions · Stephen Wolfram
Y
- Yetter-Chappell’s Non-Theistic Idealism Reality as a Godless Unity of Experience Idealism · Helen Yetter-Chappell
- Yogācāra's Mind-Only: How Store Consciousness Makes Experience Cohere Without External Objects Experience as Cognition-Only, Grounded in Store Consciousness Idealism · Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Dignāga
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- Zahavi’s Pre-Reflective For-Me-Ness Consciousness as Pre-Reflective, First-Personal Self-Givenness Phenomenology · Dan Zahavi
- Zhang’s long-distance light-speed telecommunications ‘Consciousness as Light-Speed Telecommunication’ Materialism · Ping Zhang
- Zuboff’s Universalism One Subject of Experience in All Conscious Beings Challenge · Arnold Zuboff